![]() Bacteria (e.g., Fusobacteria, Pyramidobacter and Odoribacter) previously associated with colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease, both diet-related chronic diseases, were unique to either AA or EA and were significantly reduced in the FS intervention. Genera that were significantly associated with ENL production (e.g., Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Slackia, Senegalimassilia) were unique to each group. We observed a significant difference in the composition of the microbiota measured as beta diversity (p < 0.05) between AA and EA at baseline that was attenuated with FS consumption. The gut microbiota was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and differences in microbial community composition compared by ethnicity and intervention status. Participants consumed ~10 g/d ground flaxseed for 6 weeks and provided overnight urine collections and fecal samples before and after intervention. ![]() ![]() We conducted a flaxseed (FS) dietary intervention in 252 healthy, postmenopausal women of African ancestry (AA) and European ancestry (EA). Our goal was to examine associations between the gut microbiota and lignan metabolism and whether these associations differ by ethnicity. Lignans are phytochemicals studied extensively as dietary factors in chronic disease etiology. Statistical significance tested using Mann–Whitney U non-parametric test of variability with BH correction for false discovery (0.05) (*P ≤ 0.01). Black diamond represents mean with individual dots representing daily measurements. All box plots: centre lines indicate the median whiskers indicate the range (minimum and maximum) limits are 25th and 75th quartiles. f, Lignan consumption indicated by the production of enterolactone per month from August 2017 to July 2018 (left) and August 2018 to July 2019 (right). e, Isoflavone consumption shown as the sum of genistein and daidzein per month from August 2017 to July 2018 (left) and August 2018 to July 2019 (right). b–d, Statistical comparisons by year (Y) (b), weekday (Wk) versus weekend (Wkd) (no statistical significance) (c) and season: fall (F) and winter (W) spring (Sp) and summer (S) (d). Total per capita phytoestrogen consumption (mg per day) from August 2017 to July 2019Ī, Total phytoestrogen consumption (sum of genistein, daidzein and enterolactone) shown per month from August 2017 to July 2018 (top) and August 2018 to July 2019 (bottom). Combined metabolomic and genomic wastewater analysis can inform nutritional assessments at population scale, indicating wastewater-based epidemiology as a promising tool for actionable and cost-effective data collection to support public health nutrition. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, we demonstrated the feasibility of detecting sewage-derived human gut bacterial taxa involved in phytoestrogen metabolism, including Bifidobacterium, Blautia and Romboutsia. Using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we identify recurring seasonal dynamics in phytoestrogen consumption, including dietary changes linked to the winter holiday season. Neighbourhood-level, untreated wastewater samples were collected monthly from within an urban population in the south-western United States from August 2017 to July 2019. Here, we demonstrate that wastewater-based epidemiology can be used for near real-time population dietary assessments. Population-level nutritional assessments often rely on self-reported data, which increases the risk of recall bias.
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